Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Department of Electrical Engineering,Science and Research Branch,Islamic Azad University,Tehran,Iran

2 Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

In this paper a locomotion control system for bipedal robot is proposed to provide desirable walking on a terrain and skipping over a pitfall preventing the robot from falling in it.The proposed strategy is a combination of motion optimization based on particle swarm optimization algorithm and utilization of mode switching at  a higher level controller.The model for biped robot is a compass gait model but the method presented is general and could be appropriatly extended and generalized for other complicated models.

Keywords

[1] E.R., Westervelt, J.W., Grizzle, C., Chevallereau, J.H., Choi, and B., Morris, “Feedback control of dynamic bipedal robot locomotion”, CRC press Boca Raton, 2007.
[2] G., Taga, Y., Yamaguchi, and H., Shimizu, “Self-organized control of bipedal locomotion by neural oscillators in unpredictable environment,” Biological cybernetics, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 147–159, 1991.
[3] S., Collins, A., Ruina, R., Tedrake, and M., Wisse, “Efficient bipedal robots based on passive-dynamic walkers,” Science, Vol. 307, No. 5712, pp. 1082–1085, 2005.
[4] A.D., Ames , R.D., Gregg, “Stably extending two-dimensional bipedal walking to three dimensions,” in American Control Conference, 2007. ACC’07, pp. 2848–2854, 2007.
[5] F., Plestan, J.W., Grizzle, E.R., Westervelt, and G., Abba, “Stable walking of a 7-DOF biped robot,” Robotics and Automation, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 653–668, 2003.
[6] S., Kajita, F., Kanehiro, K., Kaneko, K., Fujiwara, K., Yokoi, and H., Hirukawa, “A realtime pattern generator for biped walking,” in Robotics and Automation, 2002. Proceedings. ICRA’02. IEEE International Conference on, Vol. 1, pp. 31–37, 2002.
[7] M., Vukobratović , B., Borovac, “Zero-moment point—thirty five years of its life,” International Journal of Humanoid Robotics, Vol. 1, No. 01, pp. 157–173, 2004.
[8] C., Zhou , Q., Meng, “Dynamic balance of a biped robot using fuzzy reinforcement learning agents,” Fuzzy sets and systems, Vol. 134, No. 1, pp. 169–187, 2003.
[9] D., Kim, N.H., Kim, S.J., Seo, and G.T., Park, “Fuzzy modeling of zero moment point trajectory for a biped walking robot,” in Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, pp. 716–722, 2004.
[10] Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, and Y., Wang, “A type-2 fuzzy switching control system for biped robots,” Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 1202–1213, 2007.
[11] C., Zhou , Q., Meng, “Reinforcement learning with fuzzy evaluative feedback for a biped robot,” in Robotics and Automation, 2000. Proceedings. ICRA’00. IEEE International Conference on, Vol. 4, pp. 3829–3834, 2000.
[12] J., Hu, J., Pratt, and G., Pratt, “Stable adaptive control of a bipedal walking; robot with CMAC neural networks,” in Robotics and Automation, 1999. Proceedings. 1999 IEEE International Conference on, Vol. 2, pp. 1050–1056, 1999.
[13] A., Kun , W.T., Miller III, “Adaptive dynamic balance of a biped robot using neural networks,” in Robotics and Automation, 1996. Proceedings., IEEE International Conference on, Vol. 1, pp. 240–245, 1996.
[14] D., Kim, S.J., Seo, and G.T., Park, “Zero-moment point trajectory modelling of a biped walking robot using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy system,” IEE Proceedings-Control Theory and Applications, Vol.152, No. 4, pp. 411–426, 2005.
[15] D., Kim, S.J., Seo, and G.T., Park, “Zero-moment point trajectory modelling of a biped walking robot using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy system,” IEE Proceedings-Control Theory and Applications, Vol. 152, No. 4, pp. 411–426, 2005.
[16] C., Sabourin, K., Madani, and O., Bruneau, “Autonomous biped gait pattern based on Fuzzy-CMAC neural networks,” Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering, Vol.14, No.2, pp. 173–186, 2007.
[17] M.Y., Shieh K.H., Chang, “An optimized neuro-fuzzy controller design for bipedal locomotion,” International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, Vol.11, No.3, pp. 137–145, 2009.
[18] A.J., Ijspeert, “2008 Special Issue: Central pattern generators for locomotion control in animals and robots: A review,” Neural Networks, Vol.21, No.4, pp. 642–653, 2008.
[19] P., Arena, “The central pattern generator: a paradigm for artificial locomotion,” Soft Computing, Vol.4, No.4, pp. 251–266, 2000.
[20] S., Hasanzadeh , A.A., Tootoonchi, “Adaptive optimal locomotion of snake robot based on CPG-network using fuzzy logic tuner,” in Robotics, Automation and Mechatronics, 2008 IEEE Conference on, pp. 187–192, 2008.
[21] K., Matsuoka, “Mechanisms of frequency and pattern control in the neural rhythm generators,” Biological Cybernetics, Vol.56, No.5–6, pp. 345–353, 1987.
[22] F., Iida , R., Tedrake, “Minimalistic control of biped walking in terrain,” Autonomous Robots, Vol. 28, No.3, pp. 355–368, 2010.
[23] H., Inada , K., Ishii, “Behavior generation of bipedal robot using central pattern generator (CPG)(1st report: Cpg parameters searching method by genetic algorithm),” in Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2003.(IROS 2003). Proceedings. 2003 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on, Vol.3, pp. 2179–2184, 2003.
[24] J.J., Kim, J.W., Lee, and J.J., Lee, “Central pattern generator parameter search for a biped walking robot using nonparametric estimation based Particle Swarm Optimization,” International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems, Vol.7, No. 3, pp. 447–457, 2009.
[25] Y., Farzaneh, A., Akbarzadeh, and A.A., Akbari, “New automated learning CPG for rhythmic patterns,” Intelligent Service Robotics, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 169–177, 2012.
[26] R., Hassan, B., Cohanim, O., Weck, and G., Venter, “A comparison of particle swarm optimization and the genetic algorithm,” in Proceedings of the 1st AIAA multidisciplinary design optimization specialist conference, 2005.
[27] J., Kennedy , R., Eberhart, “Particle swarm optimization,” in Neural Networks, 1995. Proceedings., IEEE International Conference on, Vol. 4, pp. 1942–1948, 1995.