Document Type : Review Article
Authors
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra, India.
Abstract
In a parallel transmission line, fault line, fault location, and classification have been identified separately. Since fault location takes more calculation time, it is unfit for protection purposes. Thus, this paper presented a new scheme that estimates the faulted line, fault location, and type of fault in a parallel transmission line, with the help of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) and the Artificial Intelligence Technique. The proposed scheme uses phasors of Positive Sequence Voltage (PSV) and Positive Sequence Current (PSC) to detect the faulted line in a parallel transmission line. Further, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models have been designed to estimate the fault distance on a faulted line and classify the fault types. The PSV and PSC obtained from PMUs are selected as inputs because they have a negligible mutual coupling effect on the parallel transmission lines. The IEEE 9 bus system and the IEEE 30 bus system have been considered test cases to validate the proposed scheme. The proposed scheme is also validated by hardware in the loop on an OPAL-RT real-time simulator (OP RTS 5700). The results show that the proposed scheme identifies the fault line, fault distance, and type of fault regardless of its location on a parallel transmission line. Besides this, the proposed scheme has a quick response time, making it suitable for wide-area backup protection applications.
Keywords
[1] X. Liang, S. A. Wallace, and D. Nguyen, "Rule-Based Data-Driven Analytics for Wide-Area Fault Detection Using Synchrophasor Data," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 1789-1798, 2017.
[2] W.-H. Chen, S.-H. Tsai and H.-I. Lin, "Fault Section Estimation for Power Networks Using Logic Cause-Effect Models," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 963-971, 2011.
[3] W. A. dos Santos Fonseca, U. H. Bezerra, M. V. A. Nunes, F. G. N. Barros, and J. A. P. Moutinho, "Simultaneous Fault Section Estimation and Protective Device Failure Detection Using Percentage Values of the Protective Devices Alarms," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 170-180, 2013.
[4] Heng-xu Ha, Bao-hui Zhang and Zhi-lai Lv, "A novel principle of single-ended fault location technique for EHV transmission lines," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1147-1151, 2003.
[5] Y. Liao, "Fault Location Utilizing Unsynchronized Voltage Measurements During Fault," Electric Power Components and Systems, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 1283-1293, 2007.
[6] A. Gopalakrishnan, M. Kezunovic, S. M. McKenna, and D. M. Hamai, "Fault location using the distributed parameter transmission line model," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1169–1174, 2000.
[7] J. Ding, X. Wang, Y. Zheng, and L. Li, "Distributed Traveling-Wave-Based Fault-Location Algorithm Embedded in Multiterminal Transmission Lines," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 3045-3054, 2018.
[8] O. D. Naidu and A. K. Pradhan, "A Traveling Wave-Based Fault Location Method Using Unsynchronized Current Measurements," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 505-513, 2019.
[9] A. Yadav and A. Swetapadma, "A novel transmission line relaying scheme for fault detection and classification using wavelet transform and linear discriminant analysis," Ain Shams Eng. J., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 199–209, Mar. 2015.
[10] N. Roy and K. Bhattacharya, "Detection, classification, and estimation of fault location on an overhead transmission line using s-transform and neural network," Electr. Power Components Syst., vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 461–472, 2015.
[11] A. Swetapadma and A. Yadav, "Data-mining-based fault during power swing identification in power transmission system," IET Sci. Meas. Technol., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 130–139, 2016.
[12] P. Ray and D. P. Mishra, "Support vector machine based fault classification and location of a long transmission line," Eng. Sci. Technol. an Int. J., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1368–1380, 2016.
[13] T. S. Abdelgayed, W. G. Morsi, and T. S. Sidhu, "Fault detection and classification based on co-training of semisupervised machine learning," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 1595–1605, 2017.
[14] P. K. Mishra, A. Yadav, and M. Pazoki, "FDOST-Based Fault Classification Scheme for Fixed Series Compensated Transmission System," IEEE Syst. J., vol. PP, pp. 1–10, 2019.
[15] V. Ashok and A. Yadav, "A real-time fault detection and classification algorithm for transmission line faults based on MODWT during power swing," Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1–27, 2020.
[16] D. Mnyanghwalo, H. Kundaeli, E. Kalinga, and N. Hamisi, "Deep learning approaches for fault detection and classifications in the electrical secondary distribution network: Methods comparison and recurrent neural network accuracy comparison," Cogent Eng., vol. 7, no. 1, 2020.
[17] A. G. Phadke, M. Ibrahim, and T. Hlibka, "Fundamental basis for distance relaying with symmetrical components," IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and System, vol. 96, no. 2, pp. 635–646, 1977.
[18] A. Salehi-Dobakhshari and A. M. Ranjbar, "Robust fault location of transmission lines by synchronised and unsynchronised wide-area current measurements," IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 1561-1571, 2014.
[19] A. S. Dobakhshari and A. M. Ranjbar, "A Novel Method for Fault Location of Transmission Lines by Wide-Area Voltage Measurements Considering Measurement Errors," IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 874-884, 2015.
[20] M. M. Eissa, M. E. Masoud, and M. M. M. Elanwar, "A Novel Back Up Wide Area Protection Technique for Power Transmission Grids Using Phasor Measurement Unit," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 270-278, 2010.
[21] B. K. Saha Roy, R. Sharma, A. K. Pradhan, and A. K. Sinha, "Faulty Line Identification Algorithm for Secured Backup Protection Using PMUs," Electric Power Components and Systems, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 491-504, 2017.
[22] J. Quanyuan, L. Xingpeng, W. Bo, and W. Haijiao, "PMU-Based Fault Location Using Voltage Measurements in Large Transmission Networks," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 1644-1652, 2012.
[23] S. Barman and B. K. S. Roy, "Detection and location of faults in large transmission networks using minimum number of phasor measurement units," IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1941-1950, 2018.
[24] M. K. Neyestanaki and A. M. Ranjbar, "An Adaptive PMU-Based Wide Area Backup Protection Scheme for Power Transmission Lines," IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1550-1559, 2015.
[25] M.M. Saha, Network Configurations and Models. In: Fault Location on Power Networks. Power Systems, London, Springer, 2010.
[26] B. K. Saha Roy, A. K. Sinha, and A. K. Pradhan, "An optimal PMU placement technique for power system observability," International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 71-77, 2012.
[27] P. Singh and J. S. Lather, "Accurate power-sharing, voltage regulation, and SOC regulation for LVDC microgrid with hybrid energy storage system using artificial neural network," International Journal of Green Energy, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 756-769, 2020.
[28] T. Guillod, P. Papamanolis, and J. W. Kolar, "Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Based Fast and Accurate Inductor Modeling and design," IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics, vol. 1, pp. 284-299, 2020.
[29] M. U. Usman, J. Ospina, and M. O. Faruque, "Fault classification and location identification in a smart DN using ANN and AMI with real-time data," The Journal of Engineering, vol. 2020, no. 1, pp. 19-28, 2020.
[30] M. J. B. Reddy, D. V. Rajesh, P. Gopakumar, and D. K. Mohanta, "Smart Fault Location for Smart Grid Operation Using RTUs and Computational Intelligence Techniques," IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1260-1271, 2014.
[31] M. K. Jena, S. R. Samantaray, and B. K. Panigrahi, "A New Wide-Area Backup Protection Scheme for Series-Compensated Transmission System," IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1877-1887, 2017.
[32] B. Naduvathuparambil, M. C. Valenti, and A. Feliachi, “Communication delays in wide area measurement systems,” in Proc. 34th Southeast. Symp. Syst. Theory, Huntsville, AL, USA, Mar. 2002, pp. 118–122.
[33] Mohammad Shahidehpour; Yaoyu Wang, "Appendix C: IEEE30 Bus System Data," in Communication and Control in Electric Power Systems: Applications of Parallel and Distributed Processing , IEEE, 2003, pp.493-495.
[34] P. Chaiwan, N. Kang, and Y. Liao, "New accurate fault location algorithm for parallel transmission lines using local measurements," Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 108, pp. 68–73, 2014.
[35] N. I. Elkalashy, T. A. Kawady, W. M. Khater, and A. M. I. Taalab, "Unsynchronized Fault-Location Technique for Double-Circuit Transmission Systems Independent of Line Parameters," IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 1591–1600, 2016.
[36] V. K. Gaur and B. Bhalja, "New fault detection and localisation technique for double-circuit three-terminal transmission line," IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1687–1696, 2018.
[37] N. Peng, L. Zhou, R. Liang, X. Xue, G. Piliposyan, and Y. Hu, "Fault location on double–circuit transmission lines by phase correction of fault recorder signals without accurate time synchronization," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 181, 2020.
[38] S. Wang and D. Zhao, "A new false-root identification method based on two-terminal fault location algorithm for double-circuit transmission lines," IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 867-873, 2017.
)