Document Type : Reseach Article
10.57647/j.mjee.2024.1802.38
Abstract
With the digital world booming, so too has the importance of information security. Ensuring safe transmission of data has become paramount, requiring robust mechanisms to navigate potential vulnerabilities. In this context, encryption and watermarking technologies emerge as key players. This article proposes a groundbreaking method that seamlessly integrates a lightweight encryption scheme with a dedicated watermarking approach for color images. Our proposed technique boasts two key advantages: efficient encryption and successful watermark concealment. The chosen encryption method is computationally light, meaning it requires minimal processing power, yet still effectively shields the embedded watermark. This watermarking process involves a clever two-step transformation. First, the color image is converted into a different color space using the Triangle Vertex Transform (TVT). This lays the groundwork for the second step, where the watermark itself is embedded. For this, we leverage a clever combination of the 2-level Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). To gauge the effectiveness of this innovative approach, we put it to the test using popular color images and evaluated it through various metrics. These include standard measures like histogram analysis, correlation, Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM). These metrics help us understand the success of both the encryption and watermarking aspects. The results speak for themselves: our proposed method achieves an impressive PSNR of 54.4798 dB and a near-perfect SSIM score of 1. This translates to a watermarked image with exceptional quality, practically indistinguishable from the original. Ultimately, this research presents a novel technique that shines in both robustness and imperceptibility, outperforming many existing state-of-the-art methods. This paves the way for safeguarding information with greater efficiency and accuracy, enhancing the reliability of our digital interactions in an increasingly interconnected world.
Keywords
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D. Tzovaras. “IoT threat mitigation engine empowered by artificial intelligence multi-objective
optimization.”. Journal of Network and Computer
Applications, 203:pp. 103398, 2022.
[2] K. Sorri, N. Mustafee, and M. Seppanen. “ ¨ Revisiting
IoT definitions: A framework towards comprehensive use.”. Technological Forecasting and Social
Change, 179:pp. 121623, 2022.
[3] E. Schiller, A. Aidoo, J. Fuhrer, J. Stahl, M. Ziorjen, ¨
and B. Stiller. “Landscape of IoT security.”. Computer Science Review, 44:pp. 100467, 2022.
[4] V. K. Quy. “IoT-enabled smart agriculture: Architecture, applications, and challenges.”. Applied
Sciences, 12(7):pp. 3396, 2022.
[5] A. Sreedevi, T. N. Harshitha, V. Sugumaran, and
P. Shankar. “Application of cognitive computing
in healthcare, cybersecurity, big data and IoT: A
literature review.”. Information Processing & Management, 59(2):pp. 102888, 2022.
[6] I. H. Sarker, A. I. Khan, Y. B. Abushark, and F. Alsolami. “Internet of things (iot) security intelligence:
A comprehensive overview, machine learning solutions and research directions.”. Mobile Networks
and Applications, 28(1):pp. 296–312, 2023.
[7] P. K. Sadhu, V. P. Yanambaka, and A. Abdelgawad.
“Internet of things: Security and solutions survey.”.
Sensors, 22(19):pp. 7433, 2022.
[8] K. N. Singh and A. K. Singh. “Towards integrating
image encryption with compression: A survey.”.
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM), 18(3):pp. 1–
21, 2022.
[9] U. Zia. “Survey on image encryption techniques
using chaotic maps in spatial, transform and spatiotemporal domains. ”. International Journal of
Information Security, 21(4):pp. 917–935, 2022.
[10] S. Roy, U. Rawat, H. A. Sareen, and S. K. Nayak.
“IECA: an efficient IoT friendly image encryption
technique using programmable cellular automata.”.
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 11:pp. 5083–5102, 2020.
[11] H. Dweik and M. Abutaha. “A survey of lightweight
image encryption for IoT.”. Lightweight Cryptographic Techniques and Cybersecurity Approaches:
IntechOpen, , 2022.
[12] S. Roy, M. Shrivastava, C. V. Pandey, S. K. Nayak,
and U. Rawat. “IEVCA: An efficient image encryption technique for IoT applications using 2-D VonNeumann cellular automata.”. Multimedia Tools and
Applications, 80:pp. 31529–31567, 2021.
[13] D. Trujillo-Toledo. “Real-time medical image encryption for H-IoT applications using improved
sequences from chaotic maps.”. Integration, 90:pp.
131–145, 2023.
[14] M. Devipriya and M. Brindha. “Image encryption
using modified perfect shuffle-based bit level permutation and learning with errors based diffusion
for IoT devices.”. Computers and Electrical Engineering, 100:pp. 107954, 2022.
[15] T. A. Dhopavkar, S. K. Nayak, and S. Roy. “IETD:
A novel image encryption technique using Tinkerbell map and Duffing map for IoT applications.”.
Multimedia Tools and Applications, 81(30):pp. 43189–
43228, 2022.
[16] M. Begum and M. S. Uddin. “igital image watermarking techniques: A review.”. Information, 11(2):
pp. 110, 2020.
[17] R. Wazirali, R. Ahmad, A. Al-Amayreh, M. Al-Madi,
and A. Khalifeh. “Secure watermarking schemes
and their approaches in the IoT technology: An
overview.”. Electronics, 10(14):pp. 1744, 2021.
[18] O. P. Singh, A. Anand, A. K. Agrawal, and A. K.
Singh. “Electronic health data security in the internet of things through watermarking: An introduction.”. IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, 5(2):pp.
55–58, 2022.
[19] M. Begum and M. S. Uddin. “Towards the development of an effective image watermarking system.”.
Security and Privacy, 5(2):pp. e196, 2022.
[20] W. Wan, J. Wang, Y. Zhang, J. Li, H. Yu, and J. Sun.
“A comprehensive survey on robust image watermarking.”. Neurocomputing, 488:pp. 226–247, 2022.
[21] N. D. Pulgam and S. K. Shinde. “Robust digital
watermarking using pixel color correlation and
chaotic encryption for medical image protection.”.
International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering, 10(4):pp. 29–38, 2022. [22] D. K. Mahto and A. K. Singh. “A survey of color image watermarking: State-of-the-art and research
directions.”. Computers & Electrical Engineering,
93:pp. 107255, 2021.
[23] K. J. Giri, S. Quadri, R. Bashir, and J. I. Bhat. “DWT
based color image watermarking: A review.”. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 79:pp. 32881–32895,
2020.
[24] C. Tiken and R. Samli. “A comprehensive review
about image encryption methods.”. Harran Univer- ¨
sitesi Muhendislik Dergisi ¨ , 7(1):pp. 27–49, 2022.
[25] J. Arif. “A novel chaotic permutation-substitution
image encryption scheme based on logistic map
and random substitution.”. IEEE Access, 10:pp.
12966–12982, 2022.
[26] S. F. Raza and V. Satpute. “A novel bit permutationbased image encryption algorithm.”. Nonlinear Dynamics, 95:pp. 859–873, 2019.
[27] M. Kumar, A. Saxena, and S. S. Vuppala. “A survey
on chaos based image encryption techniques.”. Multimedia Security Using Chaotic Maps: Principles and
Methodologies, :pp. 1–26, 2020.
[28] R. Ge, G. Yang, J. Wu, Y. Chen, G. Coatrieux, and
L. Luo. “A novel chaos-based symmetric image encryption using bit-pair level process.”. IEEE Access,
7:pp. 99470–99480, 2019.
[29] S. Noshadian, A. Ebrahimzade, and S. J. Kazemitabar.
“Breaking a chaotic image encryption algorithm.”.
Multimedia Tools and Applications, 79:pp. 25635–
25655, 2020.
[30] M. Kaur and V. Kumar. “A comprehensive review on
image encryption techniques.”. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 27:pp. 15–43, 2020.
[31] W. El-Shafai, F. Khallaf, E.-S. M. El-Rabaie, and
F. E. A. El-Samie. “Robust medical image encryption based on DNA-chaos cryptosystem for secure
telemedicine and healthcare applications.”. Journal
of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing,
12:pp. 9007–9035, 2021.
[32] X. Yan, X. Wang, and Y. Xian. “Chaotic image encryption algorithm based on arithmetic sequence
scrambling model and DNA encoding operation.”.
Multimedia Tools and Applications, 80:pp. 10949–
10983, 2021.
[33] X. Liu and C. Liu. “Quantum image encryption
scheme using independent bit-plane permutation
and Baker map.”. Quantum Information Processing,
22(6):262, 2023.
[34] C. Rajakumaran and R. Kavitha. “Chaos based encryption of quantum images.”. Multimedia Tools
and Applications, 79:pp. 23849–23860, 2020.
[35] G. Ye, K. Jiao, and X. Huang. “Quantum logistic
image encryption algorithm based on SHA-3 and
RSA.”. Nonlinear Dynamics, 104:pp. 2807–2827,
2021.
[36] M. A. Wani and B. Sultan. “Deep learning based
image steganography: A review.”. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 13(3):pp. e1481, 2023.
[37] C. Lakshmi, K. Thenmozhi, J. B. B. Rayappan,
S. Rajagopalan, R. Amirtharajan, and N. Chidambaram. “Neural-assisted image-dependent encryption scheme for medical image cloud storage.”.
Neural Computing and Applications, 33:pp. 6671–
6684, 2021.
[38] Y. Ding. “DeepEDN: A deep-learning-based image
encryption and decryption network for internet of
medical things.”. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8
(3):pp. 1504–1518, 2020.
[39] M. Begum and M. S. Uddin. “Analysis of digital
image watermarking techniques through hybrid
methods.”. Advances in Multimedia, 2020:pp. 1–12,
2020.
[40] S. B. B. Ahmadi, G. Zhang, and S. Wei. “Robust and
hybrid SVD-based image watermarking schemes:
A survey.”. Multimedia tools and Applications, 79:pp.
1075–1117, 2020.
[41] Q. Su, X. Zhang, and H. Wang. “A blind color image
watermarking algorithm combined spatial domain
and SVD.”. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 37(8):pp. 4747–4771, 2022.
[42] Q. Su and B. Chen. “Robust color image watermarking technique in the spatial domain.”. Soft
Computing, 22:pp. 91–106, 2018.
[43] C. Patvardhan, P. Kumar, and C. Vasantha Lakshmi.
“Effective color image watermarking scheme using
YCbCr color space and QR code.”. Multimedia
Tools and Applications, 77:pp. 12655–12677, 2018.
[44] X. Liu, Y. Wu, Z. Shao, J. Wu, and H. Shu. “Color image watermarking using a discrete trinion Fourier
transform.”. Journal of Electronic Imaging, 27(4):pp.
043046–043046, 2018.
[45] S. Kumar and B. K. Singh. “An improved watermarking scheme for color image using alpha blending.”. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 80:pp.
13975–999, 2021.
[46] S. Kumar and B. K. Singh. “DWT based color image
watermarking using maximum entropy.”. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 80:pp. 15487–510, 2021.
[47] X. Zhang and Q. Su. “A spatial domain-based color
image blind watermarking scheme integrating multilevel discrete Hartley transform.”. International
Journal of Intelligent Systems, 36(8):pp. 4321–4345,
2021.[48] K. Prabha and I. S. Sam. “A novel blind color image
watermarking based on Walsh Hadamard Transform.”. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 79:pp.
6845–6869, 2020.
[49] H. Nazari, M. M. Bidgoli, and H. Ghasvari.
“Integration of lightweight cryptography and watermarking with compression for high speed and
reliable communication of digital images in IoT.”.
IET Image Processing, , 2023.
[50] A. Benoraira, K. Benmahammed, and N. Boucenna.
“Blind image watermarking technique based on differential embedding in DWT and DCT domains.”.
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing,
2015(1):pp. 1–11, 2015.
[51] J. Abraham and V. Paul. “An imperceptible spatial domain color image watermarking scheme.”.
Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 31(1):pp. 125–133, 2019.
[52] X.L. Liu, C.C. Lin, and S.M. Yuan. “Blind dual watermarking for color images’ authentication and
copyright protection.”. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 28(5):pp.
1047–1055, 2016.
[53] N. A. Loan, N. N. Hurrah, S. A. Parah, J. W. Lee, J. A.
Sheikh, and G. M. Bhat. “Secure and robust digital
image watermarking using coefficient differencing
and chaotic encryption.”. IEEE Access, 6:pp. 19876–
19897, 2018.
[54] M. Moosazadeh and G. Ekbatanifard. “An improved
robust image watermarking method using DCT
and YCoCg-R color space.”. Optik, 140:pp. 975–
988, 2017.
[55] M. K. Pandey, G. Parmar, R. Gupta, and A. Sikander. “Non-blind Arnold scrambled hybrid image
watermarking in YCbCr color space.”. Microsystem
Technologies, 25:pp. 3071–3081, 2019.
[56] S. Roy and A. K. Pal. “A blind DCT based color
watermarking algorithm for embedding multiple
watermarks.”. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 72:pp. 149–161, 2017.
D. Tzovaras. “IoT threat mitigation engine empowered by artificial intelligence multi-objective
optimization.”. Journal of Network and Computer
Applications, 203:pp. 103398, 2022.
[2] K. Sorri, N. Mustafee, and M. Seppanen. “ ¨ Revisiting
IoT definitions: A framework towards comprehensive use.”. Technological Forecasting and Social
Change, 179:pp. 121623, 2022.
[3] E. Schiller, A. Aidoo, J. Fuhrer, J. Stahl, M. Ziorjen, ¨
and B. Stiller. “Landscape of IoT security.”. Computer Science Review, 44:pp. 100467, 2022.
[4] V. K. Quy. “IoT-enabled smart agriculture: Architecture, applications, and challenges.”. Applied
Sciences, 12(7):pp. 3396, 2022.
[5] A. Sreedevi, T. N. Harshitha, V. Sugumaran, and
P. Shankar. “Application of cognitive computing
in healthcare, cybersecurity, big data and IoT: A
literature review.”. Information Processing & Management, 59(2):pp. 102888, 2022.
[6] I. H. Sarker, A. I. Khan, Y. B. Abushark, and F. Alsolami. “Internet of things (iot) security intelligence:
A comprehensive overview, machine learning solutions and research directions.”. Mobile Networks
and Applications, 28(1):pp. 296–312, 2023.
[7] P. K. Sadhu, V. P. Yanambaka, and A. Abdelgawad.
“Internet of things: Security and solutions survey.”.
Sensors, 22(19):pp. 7433, 2022.
[8] K. N. Singh and A. K. Singh. “Towards integrating
image encryption with compression: A survey.”.
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM), 18(3):pp. 1–
21, 2022.
[9] U. Zia. “Survey on image encryption techniques
using chaotic maps in spatial, transform and spatiotemporal domains. ”. International Journal of
Information Security, 21(4):pp. 917–935, 2022.
[10] S. Roy, U. Rawat, H. A. Sareen, and S. K. Nayak.
“IECA: an efficient IoT friendly image encryption
technique using programmable cellular automata.”.
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 11:pp. 5083–5102, 2020.
[11] H. Dweik and M. Abutaha. “A survey of lightweight
image encryption for IoT.”. Lightweight Cryptographic Techniques and Cybersecurity Approaches:
IntechOpen, , 2022.
[12] S. Roy, M. Shrivastava, C. V. Pandey, S. K. Nayak,
and U. Rawat. “IEVCA: An efficient image encryption technique for IoT applications using 2-D VonNeumann cellular automata.”. Multimedia Tools and
Applications, 80:pp. 31529–31567, 2021.
[13] D. Trujillo-Toledo. “Real-time medical image encryption for H-IoT applications using improved
sequences from chaotic maps.”. Integration, 90:pp.
131–145, 2023.
[14] M. Devipriya and M. Brindha. “Image encryption
using modified perfect shuffle-based bit level permutation and learning with errors based diffusion
for IoT devices.”. Computers and Electrical Engineering, 100:pp. 107954, 2022.
[15] T. A. Dhopavkar, S. K. Nayak, and S. Roy. “IETD:
A novel image encryption technique using Tinkerbell map and Duffing map for IoT applications.”.
Multimedia Tools and Applications, 81(30):pp. 43189–
43228, 2022.
[16] M. Begum and M. S. Uddin. “igital image watermarking techniques: A review.”. Information, 11(2):
pp. 110, 2020.
[17] R. Wazirali, R. Ahmad, A. Al-Amayreh, M. Al-Madi,
and A. Khalifeh. “Secure watermarking schemes
and their approaches in the IoT technology: An
overview.”. Electronics, 10(14):pp. 1744, 2021.
[18] O. P. Singh, A. Anand, A. K. Agrawal, and A. K.
Singh. “Electronic health data security in the internet of things through watermarking: An introduction.”. IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, 5(2):pp.
55–58, 2022.
[19] M. Begum and M. S. Uddin. “Towards the development of an effective image watermarking system.”.
Security and Privacy, 5(2):pp. e196, 2022.
[20] W. Wan, J. Wang, Y. Zhang, J. Li, H. Yu, and J. Sun.
“A comprehensive survey on robust image watermarking.”. Neurocomputing, 488:pp. 226–247, 2022.
[21] N. D. Pulgam and S. K. Shinde. “Robust digital
watermarking using pixel color correlation and
chaotic encryption for medical image protection.”.
International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering, 10(4):pp. 29–38, 2022. [22] D. K. Mahto and A. K. Singh. “A survey of color image watermarking: State-of-the-art and research
directions.”. Computers & Electrical Engineering,
93:pp. 107255, 2021.
[23] K. J. Giri, S. Quadri, R. Bashir, and J. I. Bhat. “DWT
based color image watermarking: A review.”. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 79:pp. 32881–32895,
2020.
[24] C. Tiken and R. Samli. “A comprehensive review
about image encryption methods.”. Harran Univer- ¨
sitesi Muhendislik Dergisi ¨ , 7(1):pp. 27–49, 2022.
[25] J. Arif. “A novel chaotic permutation-substitution
image encryption scheme based on logistic map
and random substitution.”. IEEE Access, 10:pp.
12966–12982, 2022.
[26] S. F. Raza and V. Satpute. “A novel bit permutationbased image encryption algorithm.”. Nonlinear Dynamics, 95:pp. 859–873, 2019.
[27] M. Kumar, A. Saxena, and S. S. Vuppala. “A survey
on chaos based image encryption techniques.”. Multimedia Security Using Chaotic Maps: Principles and
Methodologies, :pp. 1–26, 2020.
[28] R. Ge, G. Yang, J. Wu, Y. Chen, G. Coatrieux, and
L. Luo. “A novel chaos-based symmetric image encryption using bit-pair level process.”. IEEE Access,
7:pp. 99470–99480, 2019.
[29] S. Noshadian, A. Ebrahimzade, and S. J. Kazemitabar.
“Breaking a chaotic image encryption algorithm.”.
Multimedia Tools and Applications, 79:pp. 25635–
25655, 2020.
[30] M. Kaur and V. Kumar. “A comprehensive review on
image encryption techniques.”. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 27:pp. 15–43, 2020.
[31] W. El-Shafai, F. Khallaf, E.-S. M. El-Rabaie, and
F. E. A. El-Samie. “Robust medical image encryption based on DNA-chaos cryptosystem for secure
telemedicine and healthcare applications.”. Journal
of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing,
12:pp. 9007–9035, 2021.
[32] X. Yan, X. Wang, and Y. Xian. “Chaotic image encryption algorithm based on arithmetic sequence
scrambling model and DNA encoding operation.”.
Multimedia Tools and Applications, 80:pp. 10949–
10983, 2021.
[33] X. Liu and C. Liu. “Quantum image encryption
scheme using independent bit-plane permutation
and Baker map.”. Quantum Information Processing,
22(6):262, 2023.
[34] C. Rajakumaran and R. Kavitha. “Chaos based encryption of quantum images.”. Multimedia Tools
and Applications, 79:pp. 23849–23860, 2020.
[35] G. Ye, K. Jiao, and X. Huang. “Quantum logistic
image encryption algorithm based on SHA-3 and
RSA.”. Nonlinear Dynamics, 104:pp. 2807–2827,
2021.
[36] M. A. Wani and B. Sultan. “Deep learning based
image steganography: A review.”. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 13(3):pp. e1481, 2023.
[37] C. Lakshmi, K. Thenmozhi, J. B. B. Rayappan,
S. Rajagopalan, R. Amirtharajan, and N. Chidambaram. “Neural-assisted image-dependent encryption scheme for medical image cloud storage.”.
Neural Computing and Applications, 33:pp. 6671–
6684, 2021.
[38] Y. Ding. “DeepEDN: A deep-learning-based image
encryption and decryption network for internet of
medical things.”. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8
(3):pp. 1504–1518, 2020.
[39] M. Begum and M. S. Uddin. “Analysis of digital
image watermarking techniques through hybrid
methods.”. Advances in Multimedia, 2020:pp. 1–12,
2020.
[40] S. B. B. Ahmadi, G. Zhang, and S. Wei. “Robust and
hybrid SVD-based image watermarking schemes:
A survey.”. Multimedia tools and Applications, 79:pp.
1075–1117, 2020.
[41] Q. Su, X. Zhang, and H. Wang. “A blind color image
watermarking algorithm combined spatial domain
and SVD.”. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 37(8):pp. 4747–4771, 2022.
[42] Q. Su and B. Chen. “Robust color image watermarking technique in the spatial domain.”. Soft
Computing, 22:pp. 91–106, 2018.
[43] C. Patvardhan, P. Kumar, and C. Vasantha Lakshmi.
“Effective color image watermarking scheme using
YCbCr color space and QR code.”. Multimedia
Tools and Applications, 77:pp. 12655–12677, 2018.
[44] X. Liu, Y. Wu, Z. Shao, J. Wu, and H. Shu. “Color image watermarking using a discrete trinion Fourier
transform.”. Journal of Electronic Imaging, 27(4):pp.
043046–043046, 2018.
[45] S. Kumar and B. K. Singh. “An improved watermarking scheme for color image using alpha blending.”. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 80:pp.
13975–999, 2021.
[46] S. Kumar and B. K. Singh. “DWT based color image
watermarking using maximum entropy.”. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 80:pp. 15487–510, 2021.
[47] X. Zhang and Q. Su. “A spatial domain-based color
image blind watermarking scheme integrating multilevel discrete Hartley transform.”. International
Journal of Intelligent Systems, 36(8):pp. 4321–4345,
2021.[48] K. Prabha and I. S. Sam. “A novel blind color image
watermarking based on Walsh Hadamard Transform.”. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 79:pp.
6845–6869, 2020.
[49] H. Nazari, M. M. Bidgoli, and H. Ghasvari.
“Integration of lightweight cryptography and watermarking with compression for high speed and
reliable communication of digital images in IoT.”.
IET Image Processing, , 2023.
[50] A. Benoraira, K. Benmahammed, and N. Boucenna.
“Blind image watermarking technique based on differential embedding in DWT and DCT domains.”.
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing,
2015(1):pp. 1–11, 2015.
[51] J. Abraham and V. Paul. “An imperceptible spatial domain color image watermarking scheme.”.
Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 31(1):pp. 125–133, 2019.
[52] X.L. Liu, C.C. Lin, and S.M. Yuan. “Blind dual watermarking for color images’ authentication and
copyright protection.”. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 28(5):pp.
1047–1055, 2016.
[53] N. A. Loan, N. N. Hurrah, S. A. Parah, J. W. Lee, J. A.
Sheikh, and G. M. Bhat. “Secure and robust digital
image watermarking using coefficient differencing
and chaotic encryption.”. IEEE Access, 6:pp. 19876–
19897, 2018.
[54] M. Moosazadeh and G. Ekbatanifard. “An improved
robust image watermarking method using DCT
and YCoCg-R color space.”. Optik, 140:pp. 975–
988, 2017.
[55] M. K. Pandey, G. Parmar, R. Gupta, and A. Sikander. “Non-blind Arnold scrambled hybrid image
watermarking in YCbCr color space.”. Microsystem
Technologies, 25:pp. 3071–3081, 2019.
[56] S. Roy and A. K. Pal. “A blind DCT based color
watermarking algorithm for embedding multiple
watermarks.”. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 72:pp. 149–161, 2017.
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