Document Type : Reseach Article
10.57647/j.mjee.2024.180339
Abstract
Economic and environmental constraints are causing power systems to operate near their critical restrictions because of the growing demand for energy. Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices can be used to control power flow and regulate bus voltage in networks in order to improve transfer capability and reduce system losses. The purpose of this research is to determine the best location and capacity for a FACTS device, in particular a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) within power systems. Grey wolf optimization (GWO) is utilized to address this issue and enhance system performance. The outcomes indicate the superiority of the GWO algorithm in terms of convergence speed and solution quality when compared to conventional optimization techniques. In this paper, the Newton-Raphson approach is utilized due to its quick convergence. The design was applied to IEEE 14 and 30 bus networks, with STATCOM and without STATCOM, in order to validate the efficacy of the proposed method. The
findings demonstrate that the active and reactive power losses of IEEE-14 bus system were reduced by 11.8% and 10.4%, respectively, after installation of STATCOM. Additionally, the STATCOM reduced both active and reactive power losses of the IEEE-30 bus system by 21.2% and 19.2%, respectively. All simulations are performed using MATLAB/Simulink.
Keywords
[1] S.M. Ismael, S.H.E. Abdel Aleem, A.Y. Abdelaziz,
and A.F. Zobaa. “State-of-the-art of hosting capacity in modern power systems with distributed generation.”. Renewable Energy, 130:1002–1020, 2019.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.008.
[2] A. Abdollahi Chirani and A. Karami. “Investigation
of the impact of SSSC on the stability of
the power system connected to wind turbines
based on SCIG and DFIG.”. Journal of Renewable and New Energy, 11:80–89, 2024. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22034/jrenew.2024.196245.
[3] M. Hasanisadi, M. Khoei, and F. Tahami. “An improved active islanding detection method for gridconnected solar inverters with a wide range of
load conditions and reactive power.”. Electric
Power Systems Research, 224:109714, 2023. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2023.109714.
[4] R. Kyomugisha, C.M. Muriithi, and M. Edimu. “Multiobjective optimal power flow
for static voltage stability margin improvement.”. Heliyon, 7(12):e08631, 2021. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08631.
[5] A. Mousaei, M. Gheisarnejad, and M.H. Khooban.
“Challenges and opportunities of FACTS devices
interacting with electric vehicles in distribution networks: A technological review.”. Journal of Energy Storage, 73:108860, 2023. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108860.
[6] A. Abdollahi Chirani and A. Karami. “Investigation
of the Impact of SSSC-Based FLC on the Stability of Power Systems Connected to Wind
Farms.”. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 2024:1074029, 2024. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1074029.
[7] S. Naciri, I. Moufid, and H. El Markhi. “Dynamic
hosting capacity of photovoltaic system analysis
and enhancement using distributed SVC and STATCOM compensators: Case study of a university
building.”. Renewable Energy Focus, 45:123–132,
2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2023.03.002.
[8] T.K. Ram and S. Krishna. “Normal form analysis
in the presence of SVC and STATCOM and the
effect of their siting on damping of rotor swings.”.
Electric Power Systems Research, 221:109418, 2023.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2023.109418.
[9] T. Zhang, X. Xu, Z. Li, A. Abu-Siada, and
Y. Guo. “Optimum Location and Parameter Setting of STATCOM Based on Improved
Differential Evolution Harmony Search Algorithm.”. IEEE Access, 8:87810–87819, 2020. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2993066.
[10] E.N. Azadani, S.H. Hosseinian, and P. Astero.
“Optimal placement of multiple STATCOM for voltage stability margin enhancement using particle
swarm optimization.”. Electrical Engineering, 90(7):
503–510, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-
008-0101-y.
[11] T. Zhang and L. Yu. “Optimal allocation of DSTATCOM considering the uncertainty of photovoltaic
systems.”. IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, 15(3):355–363, 2020. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1002/tee.23063.
[12] H. Marefatjou and I. Soltani. “Optimal Placement of
STATCOM to Voltage Stability Improvement and
Reduce Power Losses by Using QPSO Algorithm.”.
Journal of Science and Engineering, 2, 2013.
[13] K. Ravi and M. Rajaram. “Optimal location of
FACTS devices using Improved Particle Swarm
Optimization.”. International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, 49:333–338, 2013. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.12.008.
[14] B. Singh and G. Agrawal. “Enhancement
of voltage profile by incorporation of SVCin power system networks by using optimal
load flow method in MATLAB/Simulink environments.”. Energy Reports, 4:418–434, 2018. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2018.07.004.
[15] F.M. To’aima, Y.N. Al-Aani, and H.A.A. Salbi.
“Optimal Location of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) for IEEE 5-Bus Standard System Using Genetic Algorithm.”. Journal of Engineering, 21(7):72–84, 2015. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2015.07.06.
[16] S. Gerbex, R. Cherkaoui, and A.J. Germond.
“Optimal location of multi-type FACTS devices in
a power system by means of genetic algorithms.”.
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 16(3):537–544,
2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/59.932292.
[17] S.M. Abd-Elazim and E.S. Ali. “Optimal location of STATCOM in multimachine power system for increasing loadability by Cuckoo Search
algorithm.”. International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, 80:240–251, 2016. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.01.023.
[18] A. Safari, A. Ahmadian, and M.A.A. Golkar.
“Controller Design of STATCOM for Power System Stability Improvement Using Honey Bee
Mating Optimization.”. Journal of Applied Research and Technology, 11(1):144–155, 2013. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1665-6423(13)71523-2.
[19] G.N. Kumar and M.S. Kalavathi. “Cat swarm optimization for optimal placement of multiple UPFC’s
in voltage stability enhancement under contingency.”. International Journal of Electrical Power
& Energy Systems, 57:97–104, 2014.
[20] A.R. Jordehi. “Brainstorm optimisation algorithm
(BSOA): An efficient algorithm for finding optimal
location and setting of FACTS devices in electric
power systems.”. International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, 69:48–57, 2015.
[21] C.R. Fuerte-Esquivel and E. Acha. “A Newtontype algorithm for the control of power flow in
electrical power networks.”. IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems, 12(4):1474–1480, 1997. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/59.627844.
[22] S. Ghosh, S.P. Ghoshal, and S. Ghosh. “Optimal
sizing and placement of distributed generation in a
network system.”. International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, 32(8):849–856, 2010. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2010.01.029.
[23] M.H. Sulaiman and Z. Mustaffa. “Optimal placement
and sizing of FACTS devices for optimal power
flow using metaheuristic optimizers.”. Results in
Control and Optimization, 8:100145, 2022. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rico.2022.100145.
[24] P.P. Biswas, P. Arora, R. Mallipeddi, P.N. Suganthan,
and B.K. Panigrahi. “Optimal placement and sizing
of FACTS devices for optimal power flow in a wind
power integrated electrical network.”. Neural Computing and Applications, 33(12):6753–6774, 2021.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-020-05453-x.
[25] A. Hadaeghi and A.A. Chirani. “Distribution Networks Reconfiguration for Power Loss Reduction
and Voltage Profile Improvement Using Hybrid
TLBO-BH Algorithm.”. Iraqi Journal for Electrical
and Electronic Engineering IJEEE, 2022.
[26] U. Karaagac, I. Kocar, J. Mahseredjian, L. Cai,
and Z. Javid. “STATCOM integration into
a DFIG-based wind park for reactive power
compensation and its impact on wind park
high voltage ride-through capability.”. Electric
Power Systems Research, 199:107368, 2021. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107368.
[27] E. Ghahremani and I. Kamwa. “Analysing the effects
of different types of FACTS devices on the steadystate performance of the Hydro-Quebec network ´ .”.
IET Generation Transmission & Distribution, 2013.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0316.
[28] N.K. Saxena and A. Kumar. “Reactive power
control in decentralized hybrid power system
with STATCOM using GA, ANN and ANFIS
methods.”. International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, 83:175–187, 2016. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.04.009.
[29] F.H. Gandoman, A. Ahmadi, A.M. Sharaf, P. Siano,
J. Pou, B. Hredzak, and V.G. Agelidis. “Review
of FACTS technologies and applications for
power quality in smart grids with renewable energy systems.”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82:502–514, 2018. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.062.
[30] P. He, Q. Fang, H. Jin, Y. Ji, Z. Gong, and J. Dong.
“Coordinated design of PSS and STATCOMPOD based on the GA-PSO algorithm to improve the stability of wind-PV-thermal-bundled
power system.”. International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, 141:108208, 2022. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108208.
[31] M.M. Mahmoud, H.S. Salama, M. Bajaj, M.M. Aly,
I. Vokony, S.S.H. Bukhari, D.E.M. Wapet, and A.-
M.M. Abdel-Rahim. “Integration of Wind Systems with SVC and STATCOM during Various Events to Achieve FRT Capability and Voltage Stability: Towards the Reliability of Modern Power Systems.”. International Journal of
Energy Research, 2023:8738460, 2023. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8738460.
[32] M.A. Mohamed Faroug, D.N. Rao, R. Samikannu,
S.K. Venkatachary, and K. Senthilnathan.“Comparative analysis of controllers for stability enhancement for wind energy system with
STATCOM in the grid connected environment.”.
Renewable Energy, 162:2408–2442, 2020. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.06.044.
[33] E. Acha, C.R. Fuerte-Esquivel, H. Ambriz-Perez, and
C. Angeles-Camacho. “FACTS: modelling and simulation in power networks.”. John Wiley & Sons,
2004.
[34] I. Hamdan, A.M.A. Ibrahim, and O. Noureldeen.
“Modified STATCOM control strategy for fault ridethrough capability enhancement of grid-connected
PV/wind hybrid power system during voltage
sag.”. SN Applied Sciences, 2(3):364, 2020. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2169-6.
[35] E. Acha, C. Fuerte-Esquivel, H. AmbrizPerez, and C. Angeles-Camacho. “FACTS:
Modelling and Simulation in Power Networks.”. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2004. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1002/0470020164.index.
[36] H. Nguyen-Duc, L.A. Dessaint, A.F. Okou, and
I. Kamwa. “A Power Oscillation Damping
Control Scheme Based on Bang-Bang Modulation of FACTS Signals.”. IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems, 25(4):1918–1927, 2010. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2046504.
[37] R. Jamal, B. Men, and N.H. Khan. “A Novel Nature
Inspired Meta-Heuristic Optimization Approach of
GWO Optimizer for Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problems.”. IEEE Access, 8:202596–202610,
2020.
[38] S. Mirjalili, S.M. Mirjalili, and A. Lewis.
“Grey Wolf Optimizer.”. Advances in Engineering Software, 69:46–61, 2014. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2013.12.007.
and A.F. Zobaa. “State-of-the-art of hosting capacity in modern power systems with distributed generation.”. Renewable Energy, 130:1002–1020, 2019.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.008.
[2] A. Abdollahi Chirani and A. Karami. “Investigation
of the impact of SSSC on the stability of
the power system connected to wind turbines
based on SCIG and DFIG.”. Journal of Renewable and New Energy, 11:80–89, 2024. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22034/jrenew.2024.196245.
[3] M. Hasanisadi, M. Khoei, and F. Tahami. “An improved active islanding detection method for gridconnected solar inverters with a wide range of
load conditions and reactive power.”. Electric
Power Systems Research, 224:109714, 2023. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2023.109714.
[4] R. Kyomugisha, C.M. Muriithi, and M. Edimu. “Multiobjective optimal power flow
for static voltage stability margin improvement.”. Heliyon, 7(12):e08631, 2021. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08631.
[5] A. Mousaei, M. Gheisarnejad, and M.H. Khooban.
“Challenges and opportunities of FACTS devices
interacting with electric vehicles in distribution networks: A technological review.”. Journal of Energy Storage, 73:108860, 2023. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108860.
[6] A. Abdollahi Chirani and A. Karami. “Investigation
of the Impact of SSSC-Based FLC on the Stability of Power Systems Connected to Wind
Farms.”. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 2024:1074029, 2024. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1074029.
[7] S. Naciri, I. Moufid, and H. El Markhi. “Dynamic
hosting capacity of photovoltaic system analysis
and enhancement using distributed SVC and STATCOM compensators: Case study of a university
building.”. Renewable Energy Focus, 45:123–132,
2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2023.03.002.
[8] T.K. Ram and S. Krishna. “Normal form analysis
in the presence of SVC and STATCOM and the
effect of their siting on damping of rotor swings.”.
Electric Power Systems Research, 221:109418, 2023.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2023.109418.
[9] T. Zhang, X. Xu, Z. Li, A. Abu-Siada, and
Y. Guo. “Optimum Location and Parameter Setting of STATCOM Based on Improved
Differential Evolution Harmony Search Algorithm.”. IEEE Access, 8:87810–87819, 2020. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2993066.
[10] E.N. Azadani, S.H. Hosseinian, and P. Astero.
“Optimal placement of multiple STATCOM for voltage stability margin enhancement using particle
swarm optimization.”. Electrical Engineering, 90(7):
503–510, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-
008-0101-y.
[11] T. Zhang and L. Yu. “Optimal allocation of DSTATCOM considering the uncertainty of photovoltaic
systems.”. IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, 15(3):355–363, 2020. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1002/tee.23063.
[12] H. Marefatjou and I. Soltani. “Optimal Placement of
STATCOM to Voltage Stability Improvement and
Reduce Power Losses by Using QPSO Algorithm.”.
Journal of Science and Engineering, 2, 2013.
[13] K. Ravi and M. Rajaram. “Optimal location of
FACTS devices using Improved Particle Swarm
Optimization.”. International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, 49:333–338, 2013. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.12.008.
[14] B. Singh and G. Agrawal. “Enhancement
of voltage profile by incorporation of SVCin power system networks by using optimal
load flow method in MATLAB/Simulink environments.”. Energy Reports, 4:418–434, 2018. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2018.07.004.
[15] F.M. To’aima, Y.N. Al-Aani, and H.A.A. Salbi.
“Optimal Location of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) for IEEE 5-Bus Standard System Using Genetic Algorithm.”. Journal of Engineering, 21(7):72–84, 2015. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2015.07.06.
[16] S. Gerbex, R. Cherkaoui, and A.J. Germond.
“Optimal location of multi-type FACTS devices in
a power system by means of genetic algorithms.”.
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 16(3):537–544,
2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/59.932292.
[17] S.M. Abd-Elazim and E.S. Ali. “Optimal location of STATCOM in multimachine power system for increasing loadability by Cuckoo Search
algorithm.”. International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, 80:240–251, 2016. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.01.023.
[18] A. Safari, A. Ahmadian, and M.A.A. Golkar.
“Controller Design of STATCOM for Power System Stability Improvement Using Honey Bee
Mating Optimization.”. Journal of Applied Research and Technology, 11(1):144–155, 2013. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1665-6423(13)71523-2.
[19] G.N. Kumar and M.S. Kalavathi. “Cat swarm optimization for optimal placement of multiple UPFC’s
in voltage stability enhancement under contingency.”. International Journal of Electrical Power
& Energy Systems, 57:97–104, 2014.
[20] A.R. Jordehi. “Brainstorm optimisation algorithm
(BSOA): An efficient algorithm for finding optimal
location and setting of FACTS devices in electric
power systems.”. International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, 69:48–57, 2015.
[21] C.R. Fuerte-Esquivel and E. Acha. “A Newtontype algorithm for the control of power flow in
electrical power networks.”. IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems, 12(4):1474–1480, 1997. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/59.627844.
[22] S. Ghosh, S.P. Ghoshal, and S. Ghosh. “Optimal
sizing and placement of distributed generation in a
network system.”. International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, 32(8):849–856, 2010. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2010.01.029.
[23] M.H. Sulaiman and Z. Mustaffa. “Optimal placement
and sizing of FACTS devices for optimal power
flow using metaheuristic optimizers.”. Results in
Control and Optimization, 8:100145, 2022. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rico.2022.100145.
[24] P.P. Biswas, P. Arora, R. Mallipeddi, P.N. Suganthan,
and B.K. Panigrahi. “Optimal placement and sizing
of FACTS devices for optimal power flow in a wind
power integrated electrical network.”. Neural Computing and Applications, 33(12):6753–6774, 2021.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-020-05453-x.
[25] A. Hadaeghi and A.A. Chirani. “Distribution Networks Reconfiguration for Power Loss Reduction
and Voltage Profile Improvement Using Hybrid
TLBO-BH Algorithm.”. Iraqi Journal for Electrical
and Electronic Engineering IJEEE, 2022.
[26] U. Karaagac, I. Kocar, J. Mahseredjian, L. Cai,
and Z. Javid. “STATCOM integration into
a DFIG-based wind park for reactive power
compensation and its impact on wind park
high voltage ride-through capability.”. Electric
Power Systems Research, 199:107368, 2021. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107368.
[27] E. Ghahremani and I. Kamwa. “Analysing the effects
of different types of FACTS devices on the steadystate performance of the Hydro-Quebec network ´ .”.
IET Generation Transmission & Distribution, 2013.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0316.
[28] N.K. Saxena and A. Kumar. “Reactive power
control in decentralized hybrid power system
with STATCOM using GA, ANN and ANFIS
methods.”. International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, 83:175–187, 2016. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.04.009.
[29] F.H. Gandoman, A. Ahmadi, A.M. Sharaf, P. Siano,
J. Pou, B. Hredzak, and V.G. Agelidis. “Review
of FACTS technologies and applications for
power quality in smart grids with renewable energy systems.”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82:502–514, 2018. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.062.
[30] P. He, Q. Fang, H. Jin, Y. Ji, Z. Gong, and J. Dong.
“Coordinated design of PSS and STATCOMPOD based on the GA-PSO algorithm to improve the stability of wind-PV-thermal-bundled
power system.”. International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, 141:108208, 2022. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108208.
[31] M.M. Mahmoud, H.S. Salama, M. Bajaj, M.M. Aly,
I. Vokony, S.S.H. Bukhari, D.E.M. Wapet, and A.-
M.M. Abdel-Rahim. “Integration of Wind Systems with SVC and STATCOM during Various Events to Achieve FRT Capability and Voltage Stability: Towards the Reliability of Modern Power Systems.”. International Journal of
Energy Research, 2023:8738460, 2023. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8738460.
[32] M.A. Mohamed Faroug, D.N. Rao, R. Samikannu,
S.K. Venkatachary, and K. Senthilnathan.“Comparative analysis of controllers for stability enhancement for wind energy system with
STATCOM in the grid connected environment.”.
Renewable Energy, 162:2408–2442, 2020. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.06.044.
[33] E. Acha, C.R. Fuerte-Esquivel, H. Ambriz-Perez, and
C. Angeles-Camacho. “FACTS: modelling and simulation in power networks.”. John Wiley & Sons,
2004.
[34] I. Hamdan, A.M.A. Ibrahim, and O. Noureldeen.
“Modified STATCOM control strategy for fault ridethrough capability enhancement of grid-connected
PV/wind hybrid power system during voltage
sag.”. SN Applied Sciences, 2(3):364, 2020. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2169-6.
[35] E. Acha, C. Fuerte-Esquivel, H. AmbrizPerez, and C. Angeles-Camacho. “FACTS:
Modelling and Simulation in Power Networks.”. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2004. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1002/0470020164.index.
[36] H. Nguyen-Duc, L.A. Dessaint, A.F. Okou, and
I. Kamwa. “A Power Oscillation Damping
Control Scheme Based on Bang-Bang Modulation of FACTS Signals.”. IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems, 25(4):1918–1927, 2010. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2046504.
[37] R. Jamal, B. Men, and N.H. Khan. “A Novel Nature
Inspired Meta-Heuristic Optimization Approach of
GWO Optimizer for Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problems.”. IEEE Access, 8:202596–202610,
2020.
[38] S. Mirjalili, S.M. Mirjalili, and A. Lewis.
“Grey Wolf Optimizer.”. Advances in Engineering Software, 69:46–61, 2014. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2013.12.007.
)