Document Type : Reseach Article
10.57647/j.mjee.2024.180344
Abstract
With the incorporation of the various DG sources in the power system, numerous changes appear and have serious effects on the protective scheme. Knowledge of the impact of these energy sources on the dynamics of the power system is utmost necessary. Also, the performance of the protection system under these circumferences needs to be analyzed. Under the penetration of Renewable Energy Sources, it is desired to develop a new technique that can identify the Power Swing conditions and Fault conditions. It is also required to discriminate between stable or balanced power swing and unstable or unbalanced power swing conditions as an unstable swing may result in cascading of the system. Sometimes, the impedance trajectory falls into the tripping zone of the Mho relay used for line protection during stable swing conditions. This situation is unnecessary because the system has a chance to return to its normal state. Hence, it is necessary to identify the proper system conditions and prevent the maloperation of protective devices in such a situation.
The technique suggested here can also able to differentiate between Stable Power Swings and Unstable Power Swing, the latter sometimes leads to maloperation of the system. The Suggested method uses Kalman Filtering due to its adaptability to deal with noisy data, which makes it a valuable and robust tool in the Power System. Considering the rate of change of impedance in real-time, the scheme can correctly identify the stable, unstable power swing and fault situations.
Keywords
[1] “IEEE Guide for Protective Relay
Applications to Transmission Lines.”.
IEEE, page pp. 1–141, 2016. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2016.7502047.
[2] IEEE Power System Relaying Committee. “IEEE
Guide for Protective Relay Applications to
Transmission Lines,.”. IEEE Power & Energy Society, page pp. 1–141, 2016. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2016.7502047.
[3] D. Patel and N. Chothani. “Adaptive Digital Differential Protection of Power Transformer.”. Digital
Protective Schemes for Power Transformer, Singapore:
Springer Singapore, pages pp. 83–106, 2020. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6763-6−4.
[4] D. D. Patel, N. Chothani, K. D. Mistry, and D. Tailor.
“Adaptive algorithm for distribution transformer
protection to improve smart grid stability.”. Int.
J. Emerg. Electr. Power Syst., 19(5):pp. 1–14, 2018.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2018-0022.
[5] M. Raichura, N. Chothani, and D. Patel.
“Development of an adaptive differential protection scheme for transformer during current
transformer saturation and over-fluxing condition.”. Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst., 31:pp. 1–19,
2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.12751.
[6] D. D. Patel, K. D. Mistry, and N. G. Chothani. “A
novel approach to transformer differential protection using sequence component based algorithm.”.
J. CPRI, 11(3):pp. 517–528, 2015.
[7] D. D. Patel, K. D. Mistry, and N. G. Chothani.
“Digital differential protection of power transformer using DFT algorithm with CT saturation consideration.”. National Power Systems
Conference (NPSC), pages pp. 1–6, 2016. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/NPSC.2016.7858854.
[8] J. C. Quispe and E. Orduna. “ ˜ Transmission
line protection challenges influenced by inverterbased resources: a review.”. Prot. Control
Mod. Power Syst., 7(1):pp. 1–17, 2022. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1186/s41601-022-00249-8.
[9] S. Manson, F. Calero, and A. Guzman.
“Advancements in line protection for the future grid.
”. IEEE Power Energy Mag., 20(2):pp. 125–131, 2022.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2022.3153779.
[10] Z. Moravej, J. D. Ashkezari, and M. Pazoki. “An
effective combined method for symmetrical faults
identification during power swing.”. Int. J. Electr.
Power Energy Syst., 64:pp. 24–34, 2015. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.07.039.
[11] J. Khodaparast and M. Khederzadeh. “Threephase fault detection during power swing
by transient monitor.”. IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., 30(5):2558–2565, 2015. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2365511.
[12] M. Mohammad Taheri, H. Seyedi, M. Nojavan,
M. Khoshbouy, and B. Mohammadi Ivatloo. “Highspeed decision tree based series-compensated transmission lines protection using differential phase
angle of superimposed current.”. IEEE Trans.
Power Deliv., 33(6):pp. 3130–3138, 2018. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2365511.
[13] M. H. H. Musa, Z. He, L. Fu, and Y. Deng. “A
covariance indices based method for fault detection and classification in a power transmission system during power swing.”. Int. J. Electr.
Power Energy Syst., 105:pp. 581–591, 2018. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.09.003.
[14] M. Usama, H. Mokhlis, M. Moghavvemi, N. Nadzirah Mansor, M. A. Alotaibi, M. A. Muhammad, and
A. Bajwa. “A comprehensive review on protection
strategies to mitigate the impact of renewable energy sources on interconnected distribution networks.”. IEEE Access, 9:pp. 35740–35765, 2021.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3061919.
[15] G. Velhal, A. Pujara, V. Muralidhara, S. Bakre, and
V. Velhal. “Experiencing numeric relay, fault locator and a novel approach of fault location in
electrical transmission and distribution system using smart meter.”. Majlesi J. Electr. Eng., 12(1):pp.
39–46, 2018. URL 10.57647/mjee.
[16] V. Vilas, V. Muralidhara, S. Bakre, and V. Velhal.
“Smart meter modelling and fault location communication in smart grid.”. Majlesi J. Electr. Eng.,
12(2):pp. 55–62, 2018.
[17] B. Kumar and A. Yadav. “Statistical and machine
learning technique to detect and classify shunt
faults in a UPFC compensated transmission line.”.
Majlesi J. Electr. Eng., 13(3):pp. 37–48, 2019. DOI:
https://doi.org/magiran.com/p2043070. [18] S. Chauhan and R. Dahiya. “Estimating parallel transmission line fault using phasor measurement unit based artificial neural network,.”. Majlesi J. Electr. Eng., 16(1):pp. 33–47, 2022. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52547/mjee.16.1.33.
[19] N. Chothani, M. Raichura, and D. Patel. “Sequential
component-based improvement in percentage biased differential protection of a power transformer.”. Advancement in Power Transformer Infrastructure and Digital Protection, Springer Nature Singapore, page pp. 263–283, 2023. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3870-4−9.
[20] N. Chothani, D. Patel, and M. Raichura.
“Transformer protection with sequence components and digital filters.”. LAP LAMBERT
Academic Publishing, 2019.
[21] S. D. Tor Inge Reigstad. “A special protection
scheme for damping power system oscillations
by controlling wind farms.”. Electric Power
Systems Research, 5(7):pp. 55–69, 2021. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108306.
[22] F. Blaabjerg, Y. Yang, D. Yang, and X. Wang.
“Distributed power-generation systems and protection.”. Proc. IEEE, 105(7):pp. 1311–1331, 2017. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108306.
[23] V. Telukunta, J. Pradhan, A. Agrawal, M. Singh,
and S. G. Srivani. “Protection challenges under bulk penetration of renewable energy resources in power systems: A review.”. CSEE J.
Power Energy Syst., 3(4):pp. 365–379, 2017. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2017.00030.
[24] H. R. Galiveeti, A. K. Goswami, and N. B. Dev
Choudhury. “Impact of plug-in electric vehicles and distributed generation on reliability of distribution systems.”. Eng. Sci. Technol. an Int. J., 21(1):pp. 50–59, 2018. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2018.01.005.
[25] R. D. J. DIxon, L. Moran, and J. Rodriguez. “Reactive
power compensation technologies: state-of-the-art
review.”. Proc. IEEE, 93(12):pp. 2144–2164, 2022.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2005.859937.
[26] N. Chothani, M. Joshi, D. Patel, and M. Raichura.
“Adaptive PID controller based static Var
compensation in EHV transmission line.”.
International Conference on Communication information and Computing Technology (ICCICT), pages pp. 1–6, 2021. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCICT50803.2021.9510157.
[27] S. R. A. Apostolov, D. Tholomier, and S. Sambasivan. “Protection of double circuit transmission lines.”. 60th Annual. Conf. for Protective Relay Engineers, :pp. 85–101, 2007. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2007.359893.
[28] S. V. Unde and S. S. Dambhare. “PMU
based fault location for double circuit transmission lines in modal domain.”. IEEE
Power and Energy Society General Meeting
(PESGM), MA, USA, pages pp. 1–4, 2016. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2016.7741819.
[29] D. Patel, K. D. Mistry, M. B. Raichura, and
N. Chothani. “Three state Kalman filter
based directional protection of power transformer.”. 20th National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), pages pp. 1–6, 2018. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/NPSC.2018.8771716.
[30] A. A. Girgis and R. G. Brown. “Application of
Kalman filtering in computer relaying.”. Engineering News-Record. Engineering News-Record,
Ph.D. Thesis, IOWA State University, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, page pp. 1–218, 1981. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/mper.1981.5511703.
[31] N. Chothani, M. Raichura, and D. Patel. “Current
direction comparison-based transformer protection using Kalman filtering.”. Advancement in
Power Transformer Infrastructure and Digital Protection, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, page pp.
285–309, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/, 10.1007/978-
981-99-3870-4−10.
Applications to Transmission Lines.”.
IEEE, page pp. 1–141, 2016. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2016.7502047.
[2] IEEE Power System Relaying Committee. “IEEE
Guide for Protective Relay Applications to
Transmission Lines,.”. IEEE Power & Energy Society, page pp. 1–141, 2016. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2016.7502047.
[3] D. Patel and N. Chothani. “Adaptive Digital Differential Protection of Power Transformer.”. Digital
Protective Schemes for Power Transformer, Singapore:
Springer Singapore, pages pp. 83–106, 2020. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6763-6−4.
[4] D. D. Patel, N. Chothani, K. D. Mistry, and D. Tailor.
“Adaptive algorithm for distribution transformer
protection to improve smart grid stability.”. Int.
J. Emerg. Electr. Power Syst., 19(5):pp. 1–14, 2018.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2018-0022.
[5] M. Raichura, N. Chothani, and D. Patel.
“Development of an adaptive differential protection scheme for transformer during current
transformer saturation and over-fluxing condition.”. Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst., 31:pp. 1–19,
2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.12751.
[6] D. D. Patel, K. D. Mistry, and N. G. Chothani. “A
novel approach to transformer differential protection using sequence component based algorithm.”.
J. CPRI, 11(3):pp. 517–528, 2015.
[7] D. D. Patel, K. D. Mistry, and N. G. Chothani.
“Digital differential protection of power transformer using DFT algorithm with CT saturation consideration.”. National Power Systems
Conference (NPSC), pages pp. 1–6, 2016. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/NPSC.2016.7858854.
[8] J. C. Quispe and E. Orduna. “ ˜ Transmission
line protection challenges influenced by inverterbased resources: a review.”. Prot. Control
Mod. Power Syst., 7(1):pp. 1–17, 2022. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1186/s41601-022-00249-8.
[9] S. Manson, F. Calero, and A. Guzman.
“Advancements in line protection for the future grid.
”. IEEE Power Energy Mag., 20(2):pp. 125–131, 2022.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2022.3153779.
[10] Z. Moravej, J. D. Ashkezari, and M. Pazoki. “An
effective combined method for symmetrical faults
identification during power swing.”. Int. J. Electr.
Power Energy Syst., 64:pp. 24–34, 2015. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.07.039.
[11] J. Khodaparast and M. Khederzadeh. “Threephase fault detection during power swing
by transient monitor.”. IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., 30(5):2558–2565, 2015. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2365511.
[12] M. Mohammad Taheri, H. Seyedi, M. Nojavan,
M. Khoshbouy, and B. Mohammadi Ivatloo. “Highspeed decision tree based series-compensated transmission lines protection using differential phase
angle of superimposed current.”. IEEE Trans.
Power Deliv., 33(6):pp. 3130–3138, 2018. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2365511.
[13] M. H. H. Musa, Z. He, L. Fu, and Y. Deng. “A
covariance indices based method for fault detection and classification in a power transmission system during power swing.”. Int. J. Electr.
Power Energy Syst., 105:pp. 581–591, 2018. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.09.003.
[14] M. Usama, H. Mokhlis, M. Moghavvemi, N. Nadzirah Mansor, M. A. Alotaibi, M. A. Muhammad, and
A. Bajwa. “A comprehensive review on protection
strategies to mitigate the impact of renewable energy sources on interconnected distribution networks.”. IEEE Access, 9:pp. 35740–35765, 2021.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3061919.
[15] G. Velhal, A. Pujara, V. Muralidhara, S. Bakre, and
V. Velhal. “Experiencing numeric relay, fault locator and a novel approach of fault location in
electrical transmission and distribution system using smart meter.”. Majlesi J. Electr. Eng., 12(1):pp.
39–46, 2018. URL 10.57647/mjee.
[16] V. Vilas, V. Muralidhara, S. Bakre, and V. Velhal.
“Smart meter modelling and fault location communication in smart grid.”. Majlesi J. Electr. Eng.,
12(2):pp. 55–62, 2018.
[17] B. Kumar and A. Yadav. “Statistical and machine
learning technique to detect and classify shunt
faults in a UPFC compensated transmission line.”.
Majlesi J. Electr. Eng., 13(3):pp. 37–48, 2019. DOI:
https://doi.org/magiran.com/p2043070. [18] S. Chauhan and R. Dahiya. “Estimating parallel transmission line fault using phasor measurement unit based artificial neural network,.”. Majlesi J. Electr. Eng., 16(1):pp. 33–47, 2022. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52547/mjee.16.1.33.
[19] N. Chothani, M. Raichura, and D. Patel. “Sequential
component-based improvement in percentage biased differential protection of a power transformer.”. Advancement in Power Transformer Infrastructure and Digital Protection, Springer Nature Singapore, page pp. 263–283, 2023. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3870-4−9.
[20] N. Chothani, D. Patel, and M. Raichura.
“Transformer protection with sequence components and digital filters.”. LAP LAMBERT
Academic Publishing, 2019.
[21] S. D. Tor Inge Reigstad. “A special protection
scheme for damping power system oscillations
by controlling wind farms.”. Electric Power
Systems Research, 5(7):pp. 55–69, 2021. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108306.
[22] F. Blaabjerg, Y. Yang, D. Yang, and X. Wang.
“Distributed power-generation systems and protection.”. Proc. IEEE, 105(7):pp. 1311–1331, 2017. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108306.
[23] V. Telukunta, J. Pradhan, A. Agrawal, M. Singh,
and S. G. Srivani. “Protection challenges under bulk penetration of renewable energy resources in power systems: A review.”. CSEE J.
Power Energy Syst., 3(4):pp. 365–379, 2017. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2017.00030.
[24] H. R. Galiveeti, A. K. Goswami, and N. B. Dev
Choudhury. “Impact of plug-in electric vehicles and distributed generation on reliability of distribution systems.”. Eng. Sci. Technol. an Int. J., 21(1):pp. 50–59, 2018. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2018.01.005.
[25] R. D. J. DIxon, L. Moran, and J. Rodriguez. “Reactive
power compensation technologies: state-of-the-art
review.”. Proc. IEEE, 93(12):pp. 2144–2164, 2022.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2005.859937.
[26] N. Chothani, M. Joshi, D. Patel, and M. Raichura.
“Adaptive PID controller based static Var
compensation in EHV transmission line.”.
International Conference on Communication information and Computing Technology (ICCICT), pages pp. 1–6, 2021. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCICT50803.2021.9510157.
[27] S. R. A. Apostolov, D. Tholomier, and S. Sambasivan. “Protection of double circuit transmission lines.”. 60th Annual. Conf. for Protective Relay Engineers, :pp. 85–101, 2007. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2007.359893.
[28] S. V. Unde and S. S. Dambhare. “PMU
based fault location for double circuit transmission lines in modal domain.”. IEEE
Power and Energy Society General Meeting
(PESGM), MA, USA, pages pp. 1–4, 2016. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2016.7741819.
[29] D. Patel, K. D. Mistry, M. B. Raichura, and
N. Chothani. “Three state Kalman filter
based directional protection of power transformer.”. 20th National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), pages pp. 1–6, 2018. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/NPSC.2018.8771716.
[30] A. A. Girgis and R. G. Brown. “Application of
Kalman filtering in computer relaying.”. Engineering News-Record. Engineering News-Record,
Ph.D. Thesis, IOWA State University, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, page pp. 1–218, 1981. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1109/mper.1981.5511703.
[31] N. Chothani, M. Raichura, and D. Patel. “Current
direction comparison-based transformer protection using Kalman filtering.”. Advancement in
Power Transformer Infrastructure and Digital Protection, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, page pp.
285–309, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/, 10.1007/978-
981-99-3870-4−10.
)