Document Type : Review Article

Authors

Department of Electrical Engineering, Semnan University

Abstract

An integration technique based on use of Monte Carlo Integration (MCI) is proposed for the analysis of electromagnetic radiation from apertures. The technique that can be applied to the calculation of aperture antenna radiation patterns is the equivalence principle followed by physical optics, which can then be used to compute far-field antenna radiation patterns. However, this technique is often mathematically complex, because it requires integration over the closed surface. This paper presents an extremely simple formulation for calculating the far-fields from some types of aperture radiators by using MCI technique. The accuracy and the effectiveness of this technique are demonstrated in three cases of radiation from apertures and results are compared with the solutions using FE simulation and Gaussian quadrature rules.

Keywords

[1] D. J. Kozakoff, Analysis of Radome Enclosed Antennas, 2nd edition, Artech House, Norwood, MA, 2009.
[2] J. G. Van Bladel, Electromagnetic Fields, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
[3] C. A. Balanis, Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics, 2nd Edition, Wiley, New York, 2012.
[4] S. J. Orfanidis, Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas, Rutgers University, 2008.
[5] J. L. Volakis, A. Chatterjee, and L. C. Kempel, Finite Element Method Electromagnetics: Antennas, Microwave Circuits, and Scattering Applications, Wiley, New York, 1998.
[6] J. M. Jin, The Finite Element Method in Electromagnetics, 2nd Edition, Wiley, 2002.
[7] W. C. Gibson, The Method of Moments in Electromagnetics, CRC Press Inc, 2008.
[8] A. Taflove, and S. C. Hagness, Computational Electromagnetic: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method, Artech House, Boston, UK, 2005.
[9] M. Vrancken, Y. Schols, W. Aerts, and G.A.E. Vandenbosch, “Benchmark of full Maxwell 3-dimensional electromagnetic field solvers on prototype cavity-backed aperture antenna,” AEU– Int. J. Electron. Commun., vol. 61, pp. 363–369, 2007.
[10] M. M. Fakharian, and P. Rezaei, “Parametric study of UC-PBG structure in terms of simultaneous AMC and EBG properties and its applications in proximity-coupled fractal patch antenna,” Int. J. Eng., Trans. A: Basics, vol. 25, pp. 389–396, 2012.
[11] K. W. Leung, and H. Y. Lam, “Aperture antennas on probe-fed hemispherical metallic cavities,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 54, pp. 3556–3561, 2006.
[12] A. Rolland, M. Ettorre, M. Drissi, L. Le Coq, and R. Sauleau, “Optimization of reduced-size smooth-walled conical horns using BoR-FDTD and genetic algorithm,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 58, pp. 3094–3100, 2010,
[13] M. N. O. Sadiku, Monte Carlo Methods for Electromagnetics, CRC Press Inc, New York, 2009.
[14] K. G. Dedrick, A. R. Hessing, and G. L. Johnson, “Bistatic radar scattering by randomly oriented wires,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 26, pp. 420–426, 1978.
[15] B. E. Barrowes, C. O. Ao, F. L. Teixeira, J. A. Kong, and L. Tsang, “Monte Carlo simulation of electromagnetic wave propagation in dense random media with dielectric spheroids,” IEICE Trans. Electron., vol. 83, pp. 1797–1802, 2000.
[16] K. Sarabandi, “Monte Carol simulation of scattering from a layer of vertical cylinders,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 41, pp. 465–475, 1993.
[17] M. Mishra and N. Gupta, “Monte Carlo Integration Technique for the Analysis of Electromagnetic Scattering from Conducting Surfaces,” Prog. Electromag. Res., vol. 79, pp. 91–106, 2008.
[18] M. Mishra, and N. Gupta, “Quasi Monte Carlo integration technique for method of moments solution of EFIE in radiation problems,” Appl. Comput. Electromag. Soci. J., vol. 24, pp. 306–311, 2009.
[19] M. Mishra, and N. Gupta, “Singularity treatment for integral equations in electromagnetic scattering using Monte Carlo integration technique,” Microwave Opt. Tech. Lett., vol. 50, pp. 1619–1623, 2008.
[20] A. B. Owen, Monte Carlo and Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods 2010, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, 2012.
[21] F. T. Ulaby, Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics, Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007.
[22] W. L. Stutzman, and G. A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, 2nd Edition, New York: Wiley, 1997.
[23] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, Wiley, New York, 2005.
[24] J. E. Gentle, Random Number Generation and Monte Carlo Methods, Springer, 2003.
[25] Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). ver. 13, Ansoft Corporation, Canonsburg, PA, 2010.
[26] C. Fouche, “Elliptical applicator design through analysis, modeling and material property knowledge,” M.Sc. Thesis, University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
[27] J. Bornemann, “waveguide technology,” http://www.ece.uvic.ca/~jbornema/ELEC524/524-03-WgTech.pdf
[28] Y. Kathuria, “Radiation patterns of an elliptical aperture in the Fresnel region,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 33, pp. 572–575, May 1985.
[29] Y. Kathuria, “Far-field radiation patterns of elliptical apertures and its annulli,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 31, pp. 360–364, 1983.