High accuracy dual split ring resonator-defected ground structure based microwave sensor for material characterization

Misran, Mohamad Harris; Meor Said, Maizatul Alice; Othman, Mohd Azlishah; Zabri, Siti Normi; Ruslan, Eliyana; Shairi, Noor Azwan; Zakaria, Zahriladha; Babale, Suleiman Aliyu; Idris, Mohd Zahid

doi:10.57647/j.mjee.2025.17428

Document Type : Reseach Article

Authors

¹ Centre for Telecommunication Research & Innovation (CeTRI), Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Komputer (FTKEK), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia.

² Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

³ Marine Engineering and ETO, Abu Dhabi Maritime Academy, 6th Streeet, Musaffah M-14, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

10.57647/j.mjee.2025.17428

Abstract

Microwave sensors have grown in popularity in recent years because of their contactless sensing capability, real-time detection capability, measurement, accuracy, ease of manufacture and robustness. They have become one of the primary choices in smart sensing applications. However, some of their key limitations, such as accuracy, sensitivity, and selectivity, might be regarded as limiting their utilization and application range. Thus, this project proposed to design and develop a high-accuracy microwave sensor for material characterization. This microwave sensor uses a Defected Ground Structure (DGS) to enhance sensor accuracy in determining the dielectric characteristics of the material under test (MUT). The sensor achieved high accuracy with a percentage error of 0.56% to 1.86% for the tested various MUTs, demonstrating reliable precision. The DGS significantly enhances performance, optimizing efficiency and compactness while reducing transmission losses on cost-effective substrates like FR4. Its high Q-factor of 595 enables detecting small dielectric constant variation.

Keywords

References

[1] A. Armghan, T. M. Alanazi, A. Altaf and T. Haq, "Characterization of dielectric substrates using dual band microwave sensor." IEEE Access, vol 9, pp 62779-62787, 2021, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3075246

[2] H. S. Roslan, M. A. M. Said, Z. Zakaria, M. H. Misran, N. Yusop, A. A. M. Bahar and M. S. Yusri, "High Sensitivity Microwave Sensor for Material Characterization Using Square Split Ring Resonator," 2022 IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference (RFM), pp. 1-4, 2022, DOI: 10.1109/RFM56185.2022.10065034

[3] H. S. Roslan, Z. Zakaria, M. A. M. Said, R. Alahnomi and M. H. Misran, "Design of Dual Band Meta-Material Resonator Sensor for Material Characterization," Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, vol. 36,4, 2021., DOI: 10.47037/2020.ACES.J.360414

[4] L. Ali, C. Wang, F. -Y. Meng, K. K. Adhikari and Z. -Q. Gao, “Interdigitated Planar Microwave Sensor for Characterizing Single/Multilayers Magnetodielectric Material,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 619–622, 2022, DOI: 10.1109/LMWC.2022.3141129

[5] X. Han, X. Li, Y. Zhou, Z. Ma, P. Peng, C. Fu and L. Qiao, “Microwave Sensor Loaded With Complementary Curved Ring Resonator for Material Permittivity Detection,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 22, no. 19, pp. 20456–20463, 2022, DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2022.3205639

[6] C. Wang, L. Ali, F. Meng, K. K. Adhikari, Z. Zhou, Y.-C. Wei, D. Zou, and H. Yu, “High-Accuracy Complex Permittivity Characterization of Solid Materials Using Parallel Interdigital Capacitor-Based Planar Microwave Sensor,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 6083–6093, 2021, DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2020.3041014

[7] S. Alam, I. Surjati, L. Sari, R. D. Mardian, T. Firmansyah, M. Iqbal, S. Widodo, M. Alaydrus, Z. Zakaria., "High Stability Single-Port Dual Band Microwave Sensor Based on Interdigital Capacitor Structure With Asymmetry Branch Feedline," IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 24576-24586, 2025, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3538042

[8] M. H. Misran, M. A. M. Said, M. A. Othman, A. Salleh, S. Suhaimi and M. Z. Idris, "High Sensitivity Double Split Ring Resonator – Defected Ground Structure (DSRR-DGS) Based Microwave Sensors for Material Characterization," 2024 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Applied Electromagnetics (APACE), Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia, pp. 440-443, 2024, DOI: 10.1109/APACE62360.2024.10877286

[9] Oliveira, João G. D., Erica N. M. G. Pinto, Valdemir P. Silva Neto, and Adaildo G. D’Assunção "CSRR-based microwave sensor for dielectric materials characterization applied to soil water content determination." Sensors, vol 20, issue 1,pp 255, 2020, DOI: 10.3390/s20010255

[10] Se-Young Jang and Jong-Ryul Yang, “Double split-ring resonator for dielectric constant measurement of solids and liquids,” Journal Electromagnetic Eng. Sci., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 122–128, Mar. 2022, DOI: 10.26866/jees.2022.2.r.68.

[11] R. A. B. Amer, N. A. Shairi, M. A. M. Said, Z. Zakaria, M. H. Misran, A. Othman, S. Alam, and S. K. A. Rahim, "Single-Port Microwave Sensor Using Defected Ground Structure Complementary Split Ring Resonator for Solid Material Characterization", Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 158, pp 139–149, 2025, DOI: 10.2528/PIERC25052003

Majlesi Journal of Electrical Engineering

High accuracy dual split ring resonator-defected ground structure based microwave sensor for material characterization

References

References

Volume 19, Issue 3
September 2025
Pages 1-10

High accuracy dual split ring resonator-defected ground structure based microwave sensor for material characterization

References

References

Volume 19, Issue 3September 2025Pages 1-10

Volume 19, Issue 3
September 2025
Pages 1-10