Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Tafresh, Tafresh, Iran.

2 Department of Mathematics, University of Tafresh, Tafresh, Iran.

Abstract

Since two-wheeled and self-balancing robot has a complicated and non-linear structure, its model has some uncertainties. These uncertainties cause that the system has an incorrect solution if while using the classic methods for controlling of it. In this paper, a new method based on interval analysis is proposed for modeling the optimal control of the two-wheeled and self-balancing robot with interval uncertain parameters which requires only lower and upper bounds of uncertain parameters, with no needing to know about probability distributions. Because the system has uncertainties in it, controllability is first analyzed based on interval arithmetic. Afterwards, LQR based method based on Pontryagin principle is utilized to solve the problem. Finally, by solving the interval Ricatti equations, the confidence interval for feedback controller has been achieved.  Final results are compared with Monte Carlo method and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Keywords

N. Razmjooy, M. Ramezani, and E. Nazari, "Using LQG/LTR optimal control method for car suspension system," SCRO research annual report, vol. 3, pp. 1-8, 2015.
[2] U. A. S. Leal, G. N. Silva, and W. A. Lodwick, "Multi-objective optimization in optimal control problem with the interval-valued objective function," Proceeding Series of the Brazilian Society of Computational and Applied Mathematics, vol. 3, 2015.
[3] J. Wu, "Uncertainty analysis and optimization by using the orthogonal polynomials," 2015.
[4] L. Chaouech, M. Soltani, S. Dhahri, and A. Chaari, "Design of an Optimal Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control using Scalar Sign Function," Asian Journal of Control, 2016.
[5] N. T. Hayes, "Introduction to modal intervals," available at grouper. IEEE. org/groups/1788/Material/Hayes ModalInterval. pdf, 1788.
[6] I. Narayanan, D. Wang, A. Sivasubramaniam, and H. K. Fathy, "A Stochastic Optimal Control Approach for Exploring Tradeoffs between Cost Savings and Battery Aging in Datacenter Demand Response," IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 2017.
[7] O. Yuta, K. Kashima, and Y. Ohta, "Iterative Path Integral Approach to Nonlinear Stochastic Optimal Control Under Compound Poisson Noise," Asian Journal of Control, 2016.
[8] W. Edmonson and G. Melquiond, "IEEE Interval Standard Working Group-P1788: Current Status," in Computer Arithmetic, 2009. ARITH 2009. 19th IEEE Symposium on, 2009, pp. 231-234.
[9] R. E. Moore, R. B. Kearfott, and M. J. Cloud, Introduction to interval analysis: SIAM, 2009.
[10] J.-C. Wang, C.-P. Huang, and J.-C. Hung, "Intelligent algorithm design by using fuzzy inference on the two-wheeled self-balancing vehicle," in Applied System Innovation (ICASI), 2017 International Conference on, 2017, pp. 1825-1828.
[11] A. Tzes, P. Pei-Yuan, and H. Chen-Chung, "Neural network control for DC motor micro-maneuvering," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, pp. 516-523, 1995.
[12] O. Ismail and B. Bandyopadhyay, "Design of state feedback control law for interval systems," in 1993 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 1993, pp. 2514-2517 vol.4.
[13] W. Kehui, "Stabilization of linear time-invariant interval systems via constant state feedback control," IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 39, pp. 22-32, 1994.
[14] H. Aschemann, J. Minisini, and A. Rauh, "Interval arithmetic techniques for the design of controllers for nonlinear dynamical systems with applications in mechatronics," Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences International, vol. 49, pp. 683-695, 2010// 2010.
[15] X. Yang, Y. Yuan, Z. Long, J. Goncalves, and P. R. Palmer, "Robust Stability Analysis of Active Voltage Control for High-power IGBT Switching by Kharitonov''s Theorem," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 31, pp. 2584-2595, 2016.
[16] M. Khalilpour, K. Valipour, H. Shayeghi, and N. Razmjooy, "Designing a robust and adaptive PID controller for gas turbine connected to the generator," Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering, and Technology, vol. 5, pp. 1544-1551, 2013.
[17] N. Razmjooy, M. Khalilpour, and M. Ramezani, "A New Meta-Heuristic Optimization Algorithm Inspired by FIFA World Cup Competitions: Theory and Its Application in PID Designing for AVR System," Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems, vol. 27, pp. 419-440, 2016.
[18] T. Nirmala, D. Datta, H. Kushwaha, and K. Ganesan, "Inverse interval matrix: A new approach," Applied Mathematical Sciences, vol. 5, pp. 607-624, 2011.
[19] S. Lu, X. Wang, G. Zhang, and X. Zhou, "Effective algorithms of the Moore-Penrose inverse matrices for extreme learning machine," Intelligent Data Analysis, vol. 19, pp. 743-760, 2015.
[20] E. Kaucher, Über metrische und algebraische Eigenschaften einiger beim numerischen Rechnen auftretender Räume: no, 1973.
[21] J. Wu, Z. Luo, Y. Zhang, N. Zhang, and L. Chen, "Interval uncertain method for multibody mechanical systems using Chebyshev inclusion functions," International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol. 95, pp. 608-630, 2013.
[22] V. S. Krishnasamy, S. Mashayekhi, and M. Razzaghi, "Numerical solutions of fractional differential equations by using fractional Taylor basis," IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, vol. 4, pp. 98-106, 2017.
[23] Y. Liu, H. Zhu, X. Huang, and G. Zheng, "A Hermite‐Lobatto Pseudospectral Method for Optimal Control," Asian Journal of Control, vol. 16, pp. 1568-1575, 2014.
[24] E. A. Pidko, "Towards the balance between the reductionist and systems approaches in computational catalysis: model versus method accuracy for the description of catalytic systems," ACS Catalysis, 2017.
[25] T. J. Rivlin, An introduction to the approximation of functions: Courier Corporation, 2003.
[26] N. B. Salem and K. Trimeche, "Mehler integral transform associated with Jacobi functions with respect to the dual variable," Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 214, pp. 691-720, 1997.
[27] J. Wu, Y. Zhang, L. Chen, and Z. Luo, "A Chebyshev interval method for nonlinear dynamic systems under uncertainty," Applied Mathematical Modelling, vol. 37, pp. 4578-4591, 2013.
[28] S. E. Z. Soudjani, R. Majumdar, and T. Nagapetyan, "Multilevel Monte Carlo Method for Statistical Model Checking of Hybrid Systems," in International Conference on Quantitative Evaluation of Systems, 2017, pp. 351-367.
[29] J. Fang, "The LQR controller design of two-wheeled self-balancing robot based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol. 2014, 2014.
[30] S.-M. B. Mansour, J. Ghumman, and S.-M. Naceur, "Design and control of Two-Wheeled Inverted Pendulum Mobile Robot," 2016.
[31] E. Wuori and J. Judy, "Rotational hysteresis for domain wall motion in the presence of demagnetizing fields," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 21, pp. 1602-1603, 1985.
[32] H. B. Sola, J. Fernandez, H. Hagras, F. Herrera, M. Pagola, and E. Barrenechea, "Interval type-2 fuzzy sets are generalization of interval-valued fuzzy sets: toward a wider view on their relationship," IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 23, pp. 1876-1882, 2015.
[33] M. Gouttefarde, D. Daney, and J. P. Merlet, "Interval-Analysis-Based Determination of the Wrench-Feasible Workspace of Parallel Cable-Driven Robots," IEEE Transactions on Robotics, vol. 27, pp. 1-13, 2011.
[34] T. Ding, R. Trinchero, P. Manfredi, I. S. Stievano, and F. G. Canavero, "How Affine Arithmetic Helps Beat Uncertainties in Electrical Systems," IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, vol. 15, pp. 70-79, 2015.
[35] A. Zaks, Z. Yang, I. Shlyakhter, F. Ivancic, S. Cadambi, M. K. Ganai, et al., "Bitwidth Reduction via Symbolic Interval Analysis for Software Model Checking," IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, vol. 27, pp. 1513-1517, 2008.
[36] V. Shashikhin, "Robust stabilization of linear interval systems," Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, vol. 66, pp. 393-400, 2002.
[37] G. J. Pappas, G. Lafferriere, and S. Sastry, "Hierarchically consistent control systems," IEEE transactions on automatic control, vol. 45, pp. 1144-1160, 2000.
[38] N. Razmjooy, A. Madadi, H.-R. Alikhani, and M. Mohseni, "Comparison of LQR and Pole Placement Design Controllers for Controlling the Inverted Pendulum," Journal of World’s Electrical Engineering and Technology, vol. 2322, p. 5114, 2014.